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16 یﺭﺎﻫﺪﻨﻗ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﺳ ۀﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﯽﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺳ
ﻥﺎﻣﻫﺭﺩ ١٨٧٢ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺳﺎﮐ ﻥﻳﺍ ﻭﻠﻳﺑ .ﺩﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺩﺷ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺎﺟﻧﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺟﺎﻬﻣ
. 12 ﺩﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻝﺎﻘﺗﻧﺍ ﻝﺑﺎﮐ ﻡﻳﺯﻭﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺑ ﻪﮐﺩﻭﺑ ﻩﺩﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﻳﺯ
ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﮐ ﺯﺍ ﯽﻣﻼﺳﺍ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﯽﺑﺭﻋ ﻥﻳﺧﺭﺅﻣ:ﺩﻫﺩﻳﻣ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ،ﻭﺭﺎﮐ
ﺕﺧﺗﻳﺎﭘ ﺞﻧﺭﺯ ،ﺏﺭﻋ ﻥﻳﺣﺗﺎﻓﺯﮐﺭﻣ ﻡﻼﺳﺍ ﺵﺧﭘ یﺍﺭﺑﻭ ﺩﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩﻧ ﺭﮐﺫﺗ
یﺎﻫﺭﻬﺷ ﺯﺍ ﯽﮑﻳ ،ﺕﺳﺑ یﺩﻼﻳﻣ ﻡﻬﻧ ﻥ ﻗ ﺭ ﺭ ﺩ .ﺩﻭﺑ (ﻥﺎﺗﺳﻳﺳ) ﻥﺎﺗﺳﺟﺳ
ﻩﺩﻳﺩ ﻡﻫ یﻭﻧﺯﻏ ﺩﻬﻋ ﺩﺎﻧﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ .ﺩﻭﺑ یﺭﺎﻔﺻ ﻥﺎﻣﺩﻭﺩ ﻡﻬﻣ
ﻥﺎﻣﻫ ﯽﻧﻭﺭﻳﺑﻟﺍ ﻩﺭﮐﺫﺗﻣ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺕﺳﻧﻳﺍ ﺕﻘﻳﻘﺣﻭ ﺩﻭﺷﻳﻣﻧ
ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻌﺑ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ﺭﻬﺷ .ﺕﺳﺍ [ﻝﺑﺎﮐ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺏﺻﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ]ﺍﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﮔ
کﺎ ﺧ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺳﺑ ﺯﻭﺳﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻥﻳﺩﻟﺍ ءﻼﻋ ١١۵٠ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺷ ﻪﺗﺧﺎﺳ
ﻥﺎﮔﺩﻧﺎﺷﻧ ﺕﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺭﮐ ﻝﺁ ﯽﻧﺍﺭﻣﮑﺣﺩﻬﻋ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﮐ .ﺩﺭﮐ ﺭﺑﺍﺭﺑ
ﻑﺭﻁ ﺯﺍ ًﺍﺩﻌﺑ .ﺩﺷ ﺢﺗﻓ یﺩﻼﻳﻣ ١٢٨١ /یﺭﻣﻗ ۶٨٠ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ،ﯽﺋﺎﺗﻐﭼ
ﺱﭘﺳ .ﺕﻓﺭﮔ ﻖﻠﻌﺗ ﺩﻣﺣﻣﺭﻳﭘ ﻭﺍ ﻪﺳﺍﻭﻧ ﻪﺑﻭ ﺩﻳﺩﺭﮔﺭﻳﺧﺳﺗ ﮓﻧﻟﺭﻭﻣﻳﺗ
ﻥﻳﺳﺣ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺳ.ﺩﺷ (ﻡ ١۵٠۵ - ١۴٣٨ )ﺍﺭﻘﻳﺎﺑ ﻥﻳﺳﺣ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺳ ﻭﺭﻣﻠﻗﻭﺯﺟ
ﻥﻳﺳﺣ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺳ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺭﺩ .ﺩ ﺑ ﻭ ﺭ ـــﺑﺎﺑ یﻭﻣﻋﺭﺳﭘﻭ ﻝﻭﻐﻣ ﺵﺩﻭﺧ ﺍﺭﻘﻳﺎﺑ
ﺯﺍ ﺩﻌﺑ .ﺩﻳﺩﺭﮔﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺕﺎﮐﻭﮑﺳﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﮐ ﻡﺎﻧ ﺭﺎﺑ ﻥﻳﻟﻭﺍ یﺍﺭﺑ ﺍﺭﻘﻳﺎﺑ
یﺭﻭﻣﻳﺗ ﻥﺍﺩﻧﺎﺧ ﺕﺳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻫﺯﺎﺑﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﮐ ﺍﺭﻘﻳﺎﺑ ﻥﻳﺳﺣ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺳ گﺭﻣ
ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﺧ ﮏﺑﻳﺷ .ﺕﻓﺭﮔﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺩﻳﺩﻬﺗ ﺩﺭﻭﻣ ﺕﻣﺳ ﻪﺳﺯﺍ ﺭﮕﻣ،ﺩﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﻗﺎﺑ
،ﻝ ﺑﺎﮐﺭﺩ ﺭﺑﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ یﻭﻔﺻ ﻝﻳﻋﺎﻣﺳﺍ ﻩﺎﺷ،ﺭﻬﻧﻟﺍ ءﺍﺭﻭﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﮑﺑﺯﺍ
13 .ﺩﻧﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺗﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﺧ ﻑﺭﺻﺗﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﮐ ﺩﻧﺗﺳﺍﻭﺧﻳﻣ ﮏﻳﺭﻫ
ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ،ﻯﺩﻼﻳﻣ ١٥٢٠ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﺩ ﺩﻧﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻰﺷﮐﺭﮑﺷﻟﺯﺍ ﻝﺑﻗ ﺭُﺑﺎﺑ
ﻥﺍﺭﻣﺎﮐ ﺩﻭﺧ ﺭﺳﭘ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺭﺩﺑ ﻥﻭﻏﺭﺍ ﻡﻳﻘﻣﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﻭ ﮏﻳﺑ ﻩﺎﺷ ﮓﻧﭼ ﺯﺍ
ﺍﺯﺭﻳﻣ ﻡﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺕﺷﺫﮕﻧ ﻯﺭﻳﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺕﺷﺎﻣﮔ ﻥﺁ ﺕﻣﻭﮑﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺍﺯﺭﻳﻣ
ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ﻑﺭﺻﺗ ﺭﺑ ﺍ ﻯ ١٥٢٠ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻥﺎﻣﻫ ﺭﺩ (ﺕﺍﺭﻫ ﻡﮐﺎﺣ)ﻯﻭﻔﺻ
ﺭﺩ ﺍﺯﺭﻳﻣ ﻥﺍﺭﻣﺎﮐ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺩﻳﺷﮐ ﻩﺭﺻﺎﺣﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺭﻬﺷ ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﺕﺳﺍﺭﺁﺭﮑﺷﻟ
٢٠٠٧ ﺭﻭﺎﺸﭘ پﺎﭼ ٢۶٢ - ٢۶١ ﺹ،ﯽﻤﻳﺮﮐﺪﻤﺤﻣﺮﻴﺷ ﻝﺍﺮﻨﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻮﺘﺸﭘ ﻪﻤﺟﺮ ﺗ ،ﻪﻧﺎﺘﺸﭘ - 12
٢۶۴ ﺹ ،ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ - 13
