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20 یﺭﺎﻫﺪﻨﻗ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﺳ ۀﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﯽﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺳ
ﺝ ﺭ ﻭ ﻋ ،ﻥﺎﺗﺳﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ 19 ﻥﺭﻗ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻥﺎﻳﺭﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺕﺳﻳﻧ ﯽﻳ ﻪﻬﺑﺷ
ﯽﻋﻭﺿﻭﻣ ﻖﻳﺭﻔﺗ ﻥﻭﺩﺑ ﻭ ﯽﻋﻭﻣﺟﻣ ﺕﺭﻭﺻ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺋﺍﺯﮐﺭﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺭﺩﺍﺭﺑ
ﺯﺍ ﺕﺭﺩﻗ ﯽﺟﻳﺭﺩﺗ ﻝﺎﻘﺗﻧﺍ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻣﺎﮕﻧﻫﺭﭘ ﻭ پﺳﭼﻟﺩ ﺕﺳﺍ
ﻭ ﻖﻳﻣﻋ ﺕﺎﺟﻧﺷﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﻭ ﻝﺧﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺭﻭﺷﮐ ،ﯽﻧﺍﺩﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺍﺩﻧﺎﺧ
کﺎﮑﻔﻧﺍ ﻭ ﯽﻔﻳﺍﻭﻁﻟﺍ کﻭﻠﻣ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺭﮐ ﺭﺎﺗﻓﺭﮔ یﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻧﻣﺍﺩ
.ﺩﻳﺩﺭﮔ ﺞﺗﻧﻣ ﺕﮑ ﻣ ﻣ ﻠ ﯽﺑﺭﻏ ﺏﻭﻧﺟﻭ ﯽﺑﻭﻧﺟ ﻭ ﯽﻗﺭﺷ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻭ
ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ۀﺭﺎﺑ ﺭﺩﺭﻳﺧﺍ یﺎﻬﻟﺎﺳﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻳﺎﻬﺑﻧﺍﺭﮔ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺯﺍ ﯽﮑﻳ
ﻖﻘﺣﻣ ﻁﺳﻭﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺕﺳﺍ "ﻪﻧﻭﺭﻭ یﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﮐ" ﻡﺎﻧﺑ ،ﻩﺩﺷ ﻪﺗﺷﻭﻧ یﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ
ﻪﺣﻔﺻ 268 ﺭﺩ ﮏﺗﻭﻫ ﻡﻭﺻﻌﻣﺩﻣﺣﻣ یﺎﻗﺁ یﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ﺵﻭﮐ ﺕﺧﺳ
.ﺕﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻳﺳﺭ پﺎﭼﺑ ﺩﺎﺷﺭ ﻪﻣﻼﻋ ﯽﺗﺍﺭﺎﺷﺗﻧﺍ ﺯﮐﺭﻣ ﻑﺭﻁ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻑﻳﻟﺎﺗ
ﺩﺩﻌﺗﻣ ﻝﻭﺍﺩﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ﺞﻧﭘ ﻥﻳﺍﺯﺍ ﯽﮑﻳﺭﻫ یﺎ ﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻩﺭﺟﺷ ﺭﺛﺍ ﻥﻳﺍﺭﺩ
.ﺕﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺷﺭﮐﺫ
ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ﮥﺗﺳﺩ یﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺭﺎﮐ ﺭﺎﺗﻔﮔ ﻥﻳﺍﺭﻭﻁﺳ ﯽﻁ ﺭﺩ
:ﻡﻳﻧﺍﺭﺫﮔ ﯽﻣﺭﻅﻧ ﺯﺍ ًﺍﺭﺻﺗﺧﻣ ﺍﺭ یﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ
:یﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ﺫﻭﻔﻧ ۀﺯﻭﺣ
،یﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ گﺭﺯﺑ ﺭﺩﺍﺭﺑ ، ﻥﺎﺧ ﺢﺗﻓ ﺭﻳﺯﻭ ﻪﮑﻧﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻌﺑ
ﻡﻭﺭﺣﻣ ﯽﺋﺎﻧ ﺑ ﻳ ﺕ ﻣﻌﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺭﻣﺎﮐ ﻩﺩﺍﺯﻬﺷ ﺭﻣﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺧ ﻩﺩﻭﻣﻧ ﺭﺍﺭﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺭﻬﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﺧﻟﺩﺭﭘ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺧﻟﺩﺭﻳﺷ ،( 1818 )ﺩﺷ
کﺭﺍﺩﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﻬﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻧﺩﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﺩﻭﺧ ﯽﺋﺍﺯﮐﺭﺎﺑ ﻡﺍﻭﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﻣﺭﺩ،ﮏﺷﺭﮔ ﻪﺑ
یﺩﻭﺯﺑ ، ﻥﺎﺧ ﺢﺗﻓﺭﻳﺯﻭ ﺭﺍﺩﺍﻭﻫﻭ ﺩﻭﺧ ﻡﺍﻭﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭﺟ ﻡﺎﻘﺗﻧﺍ یﻭﺭﻳﻧ ﮏﻳ
،ﺩﻭﻣﺣﻣ ﻩﺎﺷ ﮥﻣﻭﮑﺣﻟﺍ ﺏﻳﺎﻧ ﻥﺎﺧﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﻝﮔ ﺕﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ﺭﻬﺷ
ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ﺫﻭﻔﻧ ﺩﻌﺑﺑ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻥﻳﺍﺯﺍ .ﺩﻧﺩﺷ ﻑﺭﺻﺗﻣ ﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮐ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ
ﻡﺎﻣﺯ ﻥﺎﺧﻟﺩﺭﻳﺷﻭ ﺕﻓﺎﻳ ﻁﺳﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻊﺑﺍﻭﺗﻭ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ﺭﺩ ، یﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ
