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52 یﺭﺎﻫﺪﻨﻗ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﺳ ۀﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﯽﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺳ
ﺕﻧﻁﻠﺳﻭ ﻝﺑﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻧﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﺧﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺕﺳﻭﺩ ﺭﻳﻣﺍ ﺕﻌﺟﺍﺭﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻌﺑ
ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻝﺻﻔﻣﻭ ﯽﻧﺎﮔﺩژﻣ ﮥﻣﺎﻧ ﻥﺎﺧﺭﺑﮐﺍﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ،ﻭﺍ ﺩﺩﺟﻣ
ﻪﺑ یﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ
ﻥ ﺍ ﺝﺍﺭﺧﺍﻭ ﺱﻳﻠﮕﻧﺍ یﺍﻭﻗﺭﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ یﺯﻭﺭﻳﭘﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁﻭ ﺩﺎﺗﺳﺭﻓ ﻥﺍﺭﻳﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﻩﺭﺎﺑﻭﺩ ﺎﺗ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻝﻣﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺕﻭﻋﺩﺎﻬﻧﺁﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺧﺎﺳ ﻊﻠﻁﻣ ﻥﺎﺗﺳﻧﺎﻐﻓﺍ ﺍ ﺯ
ﺭﺎﺑ ﮏﻳ ﻭ 46 .ﺩﻧﺗﺷﮔﺯﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ﻪﺑ ًﺍﺩﺩﺟﻣ ﺯﻳﻧ ﺎﻬﻧﺁﻭ ﺩﻧﺩﺭﮔﺯﺎﺑ ﻥﻁﻭ
ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺿﻣﻭ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗﺭﺑ ﻥﺎﺧﻟﺩﻣﺣﺭﻭ ﻥﺎﺧﻟﺩﺭﻬﻣﻭ ﻥﺎﺧﻟﺩﻧﻬﮐ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ﺭﮕﻳﺩ
.ﺩﻧﺩﺭﮐ ﺕﻣﻭﮑﺣ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗﺭﺑ یﺩﻼﻳﻣ 1855 ﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺩﻧﺗﻓﺎﻳ ﺕﺳﺩ ﻥﺁ
ﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ( 1843 ) ﻥﺎﺧﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺕﺳ ﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻳ ﻣﺍ ﻡﻭﺩ ﺕﻧﻁﻠﺳ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ
ﺩﺎﻣﺍﺩ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻥﻳﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻥﺎﺧ ﻡﻳﻅﻋﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ﺭﺳﭘ ﻥﺎﺧﺩﻣﺣﺍ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺳ
ﻥﺎﺧﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺕﺳﻭﺩﺭﻳﻣﺍ ﺩﺩﺟﻣ ﺕﻧﻁﻠﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺧ ﺕﻔﻟﺎﺧﻣ ،ﺩﺷﻳﻣ ﺭﻳﻣﺍ
ﻪﻧ ﺕﺑﺛﻣ ﺭﻳﺛﺎﺗ ﻭﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﺧ ﺭﺑﮐﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ یﺎﻫ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻣﻭ ﺩﺭﮐ ﺯﺍﺭﺑﺍ
ﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ۀﻭﻳﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺭﻳﻣﺍ یﺭﺑﺟ ﺝﺍﻭﺩﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺕﻠﻋ ﺕﺳﺍ ﻥﮑﻣﻣ.ﺩﻳﺷﺧﺑ
ﻝﺑﺎﮐ ﺏﺣﺎﺻﺗ یﺎﻬﻟﺎﺳﺭﺩ ﻭﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﺛ ﺏﺣﺎﺻﺗ یﺍﺭﺑ ﻥﺎﺧ ﻡﻳﻅﻋ ﻣ ﺩ ﺣﻣ
ﻩﺎﻣ ﺩﻧﭼ ﻥﺎﺧﺩﻣﺣﺍ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺳ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ﺕﺭﻭﺻﺭﻫ ﻪﺑ .ﺩﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺩﻭﺑ ﺭﻳﻣﺍ ﻁﺳﻭﺗ
ﺍﺭ ﻝﺑﺎﮐ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ﻡﺯﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺧﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺕﺳﻭﺩﺭﻳﻣﺍ ﻡﻭﺩ ﺕﻧﻁﻠﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻌﺑ
ﻪﮐ یﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ .ﺕﻓﺭ یﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ﺩﺯﻧ ﻭ ﺕﻔﮔ کﺭﺗ
ﻭﺍ ﺯﺍﺯﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻧﺩ ﮐ ﺭ ﻝ ﺎﺑﻘﺗﺳﺍ ﯽﻣﺭﮔ ﻪﺑ یﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻧﺩﺷﻳﻣ ﻭﺍ یﻭﻣﻋ
ﺩﺿﺭﺑ ﺍﺭ یﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ﻥﺍﺭﺩﺍﺭﺑ ﻪﺗﺳﻫﺁ ﻪﺗﺳﻫﺁ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺍ .ﺩﻧﺗﺧﺍﺩﺭﭘ
ﻪﺑ ﺵﻟﻭﺻﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻌﺑ ﻩﺎﻣ ﺞﻧﭘﻭ ﺩﻭﻣﻧ ﮏﻳﺭﺣﺗ ﻥﺎﺧﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺕﺳﻭﺩﺭﻳﻣﺍ
ﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺍﺭﻣﻫ یﺭﻔﻧ ﺭﺍﺯﻫ ﺵﺷ ﺞﻧﭘ ﻥﻭﺷﻗ ﮏﻳ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﻧﻗ
ﻥﺎﺧﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺕﺳﻭﺩﺭﻳﻣﺍ ﺎﺑ ﮓﻧﺟ ﻡﺯﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺧﻟﺩﻣﺣﺭﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳﻭ ﻥﺎﺧﻟﺩﺭﻬﻣ
ﺎﺗ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﻭﺗﺳﺩ ﻪﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻥﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻉﻼﻁﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﺧﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺕﺳ ﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻳ ﻣﺍ .ﺩﺭﮐ ﺕﮐﺭﺣ
ﻭ ﺩﻳﺎﻣﻧ ﺕﮐﺭﺣ ﻭﺍ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺯﻏ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﺧﺭﺩﻳﺣ ﻡﻼﻏ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳ
188،270 ،ﺹ ،کﺭﺎﻌﻣ یﺍﻮﻧ - 46
